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<title>The Modern Pygmalion's Language Change</title>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<p>Publication Information</p>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<p>Source book used is Ovid -The Metamorphoses (Translated by A.S. Kline) starting on
page 496 and ending on 499</p>
</sourceDesc>
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<profileDesc>
<particDesc>
<listPerson>
<person xml:id="Pygmalion">
<persName>Pygmalion</persName>
<note>Pygmalion is a character from Ovid's Metamorphoses who sculpts what he
believes is the perfect woman. Info adapted from - The Editors of Encyclopædia
Britannica. “Pygmalion.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 12 Feb. 2018, www.britannica.com/topic/Pygmalion.</note>
</person>
<person xml:id="Venus">
<persName>Venus</persName>
<note>In Greek Mythology Venus is the god of love, sex, beauty, and fertility.
Info adapted from - Garcia, Brittany.“Venus.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, 27
Aug. 2013, www.ancient.eu/venus/. </note>
</person>
<person xml:id="Paphos">
<persName>Paphos</persName>
<note>Paphos is said to be the birthplace of the Goddess Aphrodite, also known as
Venus. Info adapted from - “City Guide.” Paphos.com,
www.paphos.com/v/city-info/. </note>
</person>
</listPerson>
</particDesc>
<settingDesc>
<listPlace>
<place xml:id="Tyre">
<placeName>Tyre</placeName>
<note>The word Tyrian refers to Tyre, a Phoenician port city which, in mythology,
is supposedly the birthplace of Europa. Info adapted from - Mark, Joshua.
“Tyre.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, 2 Sept. 2009, www.ancient.eu/Tyre/.
</note>
</place>
<place xml:id="Carved_figure">
<placeName>Info Adapted From</placeName>
<note>Birner, Betty. “Is English Changing?” Linguistic Society of America,
www.linguisticsociety.org/content/english-changing. and Zazulak, Steffanie.
“How the English Language Has Changed over the Decades.” Pearson English, 23
June 2016, www.english.com/blog/english-language-has-changed. Book quote take
from 1897 version by Josephine Preston </note>
</place>
<place xml:id="Actions">
<placeName>Info Adapted From</placeName>
<note>Birner, Betty. “Is English Changing?” Linguistic Society of America,
www.linguisticsociety.org/content/english-changing and Zazulak, Steffanie. “How
the English Language Has Changed over the Decades.” Pearson English, 23 June
2016, www.english.com/blog/english-language-has-changed.</note>
</place>
<place xml:id="Girl">
<placeName>Info Adapted From</placeName>
<note>Birner, Betty. “Is English Changing?” Linguistic Society of America,
www.linguisticsociety.org/content/english-changing and Zazulak, Steffanie. “How
the English Language Has Changed over the Decades.” Pearson English, 23 June
2016, www.english.com/blog/english-language-has-changed.</note>
</place>
<place xml:id="Child">
<placeName>Info Adapted From</placeName>
<note>Zazulak, Steffanie. “How the English Language Has Changed over the Decades.”
Pearson English, 23 June 2016,
www.english.com/blog/english-language-has-changed. and Birner, Betty. “Is
English Changing?” Linguistic Society of America,
www.linguisticsociety.org/content/english-changing </note>
</place>
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<head><hi rend="bold">Bk X:243-297 Orpheus sings: Pygmalion and the statue</hi></head>
<p><hi><persName ref="Pygmalion">Pygmalion </persName></hi> had seen them, spending their
lives in wickedness, and, offended by the failings that nature gave the female heart, he
lived as a bachelor, without a wife or partner for his bed. But, with wonderful skill,
<hi><placeName ref="Carved_figure">he carved a figure, brilliantly, out of
snow-white ivory</placeName></hi><note>In earlier version of this story, different
wording was used for the statue, a specific version states "nothing on earth so
beautiful as the white marble folk that live without faults and never grow old." The
reason for such a change could simply be because the new version is easier to
understand compared to the older one, as language from newer generations will change
language from older ones. </note>, no <fw>496</fw><pb/> mortal woman, and fell in
love with his own creation. The features are those of a real girl, who, you might think,
lived, and wished to move, if modesty did not forbid it. Indeed, art hides his art. He
marvels: and passion, for this bodily image, consumes his heart. Often, he runs his hands
over the work, tempted as to whether it is flesh or ivory, not admitting it to be ivory,
<hi><placeName ref="Actions">he kisses it and thinks his kisses are retured; and
speaks to it; and holds it</placeName></hi><note>Through various versions of the
fable, Pygmalions actions with the statue change significantly. In version like this,
it is shown that he touches and kisses the statue. In other versions, Pygmalion
doesn't physically interact with the statue. The reason for changes like this could
be due to it adding more to the character of Pygmalion, or because the author thinks
it is too much to add.</note>, and imagines that his fingers press into the limbs,
and is afraid lest bruises appear from the pressure. Now he address it with compliments,
now brings it gifts that please girls, shells and polished pebbles, little birds, and
many-coloured flowers, lilies and tinted beads, and the Heliade's amber tears, that
drip from the trees. He dresses the body, also in clothing; places rings on the fingers;
places a long neclace round its neck; pearls hang from the ears and cinctures round the
breats. All are fitting: but it appears no less lovely, naked. He arranges the statue on
a bed on which cloths <fw>497</fw><pb/>dyed with <hi><placeName ref="Tyre"
>Tyrian</placeName></hi>murex are spread, and calls it his bedfellow, and rests
its neck against soft down, as if it could feel.</p>
<p> The day of <hi><persName ref="Venus">Venus's</persName></hi> festival came, celebrated
throughout Cyprus, and heifers, their curved horns gilded, fell, to the blow on their
snowy neck. The incense was smoking when Pygmalion, having made his offering, stood by
the altar, and <hi><placeName ref="Girl">said, shyly: "if you can grant all things, you
gods, I wish as a bride to have..." and not daring to say "the girl of ivory" he
said "one like my ivory girl."</placeName></hi><note>In a different version,
Pygmalion states "'who hast vouchsafed to me this gift of beauty, give me a perfect
love, likewise, and let me have for bride, one like my ivory maiden,'" one of the
biggest changes in this text is the decision to use girl instead of maiden. Overtime,
language changes due to the advancment of humans, and how new words are created for
old ones. Some of these words become outdated, such as maiden, and are replaced with
newer ones i.e. girl.</note> Golden Venus, for she herself was present at the
festival, knew what the prayer meant, and as a sign of the gods' fondness for him, the
flame flared three times, and shook its crown in the air. When he returned, he sought
out the image of his girl, and leaning over the couch, kissed her. She felt warm: he
pressed his lips to her again, and also touched her breast with his hand. The ivory
yielded to his touch, and lost its hardness, altering under his fingers, as the bees'
wax of Hymettus softens in the sun, and is moulded,<fw>498</fw><pb/> under the thumb,
into many forms, made usable by use. The lover is stupefied, and joyful, but uncertain,
and afraid he is wrong, reaffirms the fulfilment of his wishes, with his hand, again,
and again.</p>
<p> It was flesh! The pulse throbbed under his thumb. Then the hero, of Paphos, was indeed
overfull of words with which to thank Venus, and still pressed his mouth against a mouth
that was not merely a likeness. The girl felt the kisses he gave, blushed, and, raising
her bashful eyes to the light, saw both her lover and the sky. <hi><placeName ref="Girl"
>The goddess attended the marriage that she had brought about, and when the moon's
horns had nine times met at the full, the woman bore a
son.</placeName></hi><note>In older versions of the text, there is no mention of
Pygmalion and the statue being married, or anything of them having a child. This
could be due to uncertanty of if it is true to the first version, or because the
version this is adapted from included the marriage while the older one did
not.</note><hi><persName ref="Paphos">Paphos</persName></hi>, from whom the island
takes its name.'</p>
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